Celebrations Today – November 27

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Barlaam and Josaphat, the Christianized version of Buddha
  • Congar of Congresbury
  • Facundus and Primitivus
  • Francis Fasani
  • Humilis of Bisignano
  • Leonard of Port Maurice
  • Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal (Roman Catholic)
  • Vergilius of Salzburg
  • November 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Earliest day on which Advent Sunday can fall, while December 3 is the latest; celebrated on the Sunday nearest to St. Andrew’s Day (Western Christianity)
• Maaveerar Day (Tamil Eelam, Sri Lanka)
• Native American Heritage Day (United States)
• Naval Infantry Day (Russia)
• Teacher’s Day (Spain)
• Lancashire Day (United Kingdom)

Celebrations Today – USA: November 27

National Craft Jerky Day
National Bavarian Cream Pie Day
Cyber Monday – Monday After Thanksgiving
National Electric Guitar Day
National Pins And Needles Day
National Pie in the Face Day
National Turtle Adoption Day

Today in US History: November 27

Delancey and the Zenger Case

Manatvs gelegen op de Noot [sic] Riuier. Joan Vinckeboons, 1639.
Cities and Towns,
Map Collections (1500-Present)

James Delancey was born into the English aristocracy on November 27, 1703. He presided over the 1733 libel suit brought by Governor William Cosby against journalist Peter Zenger. This case is a major landmark in establishing freedom of the press in America.

Delancey was educated at Cambridge and trained in law. He arrived in colonial Manhattan in 1729. Prior to being named Chief Justice by Royal Governor William Cosby, he served on the Governor’s Council and as second judge of the colony’s Supreme Court.

Eighteenth century American colonists demanded increased freedom while proponents of royal rule desperately sought to maintain power in the face of rising opposition and democracy. Delancey and Cosby staunchly supported the English Crown and the concept of royal privilege. Many colonial New Yorkers were individualistic entrepreneurs seeking financial success and independence and did not quietly defer to what they viewed as antiquated claims of royal privilege.

Statue of Force, Appellate Court Building, New York, between 1900 and 1906.
Touring Turn-of-the-Century America, 1880-1920

Statue of Wisdom, Appellate Court Building, New York, between 1900 and 1906.
Touring Turn-of-the-Century America, 1880-1920

Conflicts between proponents of royal privilege and colonists occurred throughout the 18th century. No skirmish proved as significant as the libel suit against Peter Zenger. Zenger’s New York Weekly Journal enjoyed the enthusiastic support of critics of royal privilege and, in the early 1730s, published articles exposing Governor Cosby’s unjust policies, backroom financial deals, and bullying tactics. Cosby condemned the Journal and imprisoned Zenger for eight months while he awaited trial for seditious libel. Zenger’s imprisonment and trial created widespread public outrage and helped further fuel anti-royal sentiment.

Farm Journal 1906, Alfred Harrell, photographer.
Buckaroos In Paradise, 1945-1982

A hostile Chief Justice Delancey presided over the case. The prosecution argued that there were sufficient grounds for conviction as the publication was highly critical of Cosby and thus libelous and treasonous. In the eyes of the prosecution, the relative truth of the publication was irrelevant.

Zenger’s lawyer, Andrew Hamilton (like Zenger a former indentured servant turned successful businessman), directed his defense to the jury rather than the judge, hoping that a public fearful of royal abuses of power would condemn Cosby and protect Zenger. Hamilton conceded that Zenger had published articles critical of Cosby but eloquently argued that because the articles contained truths in the form of statements of verifiable facts, they could not be libelous. The jury’s “not guilty” verdict generated spontaneous cheers from anxious onlookers.

This first colonial freedom-of-the-press case established the veracity of reported statements as the principal criteria for determining grounds for libel and set a precedent against judicial tyranny in libel suits, thus marking a major advance for freedom of expression later enshrined in the United States Constitution and its First Amendment.

• Search across the American Memory collections on press to learn about the diverse topics that have been the object of journalist interest.
• Learn more about New York City. Search on New York to review the exciting and diverse archival items in:
  • Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898-1906
  • FSA/OWI Photographs, 1935-1945
  • Washington As It Was, 1923-1959
• To read a wide range of material concerning freedom of the press search on that term in the Periodicals section of The Nineteenth Century in Print.

Robert R. Livingston

U.S. Capitol Paintings. Bust of Livingston Fresco in U.S. Capitol I,
Washington, D.C.,
Theodor Horydczak, photographer,
ca. 1920-50.
Washington As It Was: Photographs by Theodor Horydczak, 1923-1959

November 27, 1746, marks the birth of Robert R. Livingston, jurist, statesman. Born into a wealthy and influential New York family, Livingston’s great-grandfather had purchased the Native American claims to large tracts of land along the Hudson River, eventually acquiring an estate of some 162,000 acres. Clermont, the family estate, is today a 500-acre historic site.

Livingston graduated from King’s College—now known as Columbia University—in 1765. He next studied law and formed a law partnership with another alumnus, John Jay, future chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1773 he was appointed recorder for New York City and presided over criminal trials but was removed because of his support for independence for the American colonies.

Livingston served in the First (1774) and Second (1775-89) Continental Congresses. In June 1776, Livingston was one of five men—along with Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Roger Sherman—appointed by the Continental Congress to draft the Declaration of Independence. However, his signature is not on the document as he was in New York at the time of its formal signing. Along with John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, Livingston, as chancellor, was instrumental in persuading New York to ratify the federal Constitution.

Livingston was the first chancellor of New York State—from 1777 to 1801—until he was appointed minister to France.  After the ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781, Livingston was elected and served as secretary of foreign affairs (secretary of state) until 1783. He also administered the first presidential oath of office to George Washington on April 30, 1789.

Livingston served as America’s minister to France under Thomas Jefferson, who instructed him to buy New Orleans and the Floridas from Napoleon. Jefferson subsequently sent James Monroe to Paris with authority to offer the French ten million dollars. When Napoleon unexpectedly offered to sell the entire Louisiana territory for fifteen million dollars, Livingston and Monroe decided that the offer was too good to pass up and signed a treaty, subsequently ratified on October 20, 1803, by the U.S. Senate.

Livingston was one of the founders of the Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures, a learned society and the first scientific organization in New York State. Livingston’s scientific interests also extended to agricultural experimentation—particularly farming and merino sheep culture. George Washington, owner of the plantation at Mount Vernon, shared Livingston’s interests in agricultural matters and corresponded frequently with him. On February 10, 1793, he wrote to Livingston, “that the prosperity of our Country is closely connected with our improvement in the useful Arts.” Two years later, on February 16, 1795, Washington again wrote to Livingston stating, “Works of this sort are of the most interesting importance to every country…” and he sent Livingston a pamphlet on the cultivation of potatoes.

Clermont,
between 1892 and 1899.
Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920

The inventor John Stevens was Livingston’s brother-in-law, and they were associates in experiments relating to the development of steam navigation. Livingston also supported Robert Fulton, whose steamer Clermont, named for Livingston’s estate in New York, became the first successful steam-propelled vessel. For many years Livingston and Fulton held a hotly contested monopoly in steam navigation in New York State, still unresolved at the time of Livingston’s death at Clermont in 1813.

• Search on Robert Livingston in the George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741-1799 to read correspondence between Washington and Livingston dating from the 1770s through the 1790s.
• Search on Robert Livingston in A Century of Lawmaking, 1774-1875 to read about Livingston’s work with the Continental Congress as recorded in the Journals of the Continental Congress.
• Livingston and Madison arranged one of the most important land purchases in U.S. history. To learn more about how that purchase shaped U.S. history, search the Today in History Archive on Louisiana Purchase.
• To persuade New Yorkers to support the new Constitution, Livingston’s law partner John Jay along with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison wrote The Federalist Papers, a series of articles originally published under the pen name “Publius.” To learn more about the Federalist Papers, read the Today in History feature for October 27.
• Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, 1774-1789 includes items such as extracts of the journals of the Continental Congress, resolutions, proclamations, committee reports, and treaties. There are also links to text versions of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
• Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase presents 119 items—including maps and newspapers—that document this historic purchase made during Livingston’s tenure as minister to France.
• Search across the American Memory collection on the term steamboat for a wide variety of both images and written documents concerning this mode of transportation so commonly used in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including John Fitch’s sketch and description of a piston for steamboat propulsion from around 1795.

Today in History – November 27-External Links

Today’s Weather in History
Today in Earthquake History
This Day in Naval History
Today’s Document from the National Archives
Today’s Events, Births & Deaths –Wikipedia
Today in History by AP
On this Day -1950 to 2005 – Today’s Story–BBC
On This Day: The New York Times
This Day in History –History.com
Today in Canadian History – Canada Channel
History of Britain that took place On This Day
Russia in History –Russiapedia