Celebrations Today – June 15

Holidays and observances

• Arbor Day (Costa Rica)
• Christian feast day:
  • Augustine of Hippo (Eastern Orthodox Church)
  • Blessed Albertina Berkenbrock
  • Blessed Clement Vismara
  • Edburga of Winchester
  • Evelyn Underhill (Church of England and the The Episcopal Church)
  • Germaine Cousin
  • Maria Micaela of the Blessed Sacrament
  • Trillo
  • Vitus, Modestus and Crescentia
  • June 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Day of Valdemar and Reunion Day (Flag Day) (Denmark)
• Earliest day on which Father’s Day can fall, while June 21 is the latest; celebrated on the third Sunday in June. (United States, and most other countries.)
• Engineer’s Day (Italy)
• Global Wind Day (international)
• National Beer Day (United Kingdom)
• National Salvation Day (Azerbaijan)

Celebrations Today – USA: June 15

National Smile Power Day
Nature Photography Day
National Lobster Day
National Dump the Pump Day – Third Thursday in June
National Fly a Kite Day
Global Wind Day
National Justice for Janitors Day
National Magna Carta Day
National Electricity Day
Native American Citizenship Day
World Elder Abuse Awareness Day
Worldwide Day of Giving

Today in US History: June 15

The Twenty-Fifth State

On June 15, 1836, Arkansas became the twenty-fifth state. Native Americans first inhabited the state and created a thriving culture along the Mississippi River around 500 A.D. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, both the Spanish and the French explored the region. The United States acquired the land from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.

Panorama of Little Rock, Arkansas,
copyright 1916.
Taking the Long View: Panoramic Photographs, 1851-1991

Arkansas’ image has been shaped by many different forces; its physical geography probably had the greatest impact during the state’s early development. Major migration routes to the West Coast bypassed the area so that Arkansas remained less densely populated, predominantly rural, and without a major urban area for the first 150 years of its existence as a territory and state. It came to be viewed as a rustic and underdeveloped region. This view was reinforced by a folktale, tune, and drawing all known as “The Arkansas Traveller,” which depicted an encounter between a wisecracking, fiddle-playing hillbilly and a sophisticated city slicker. Plays, newspaper columns, books, and radio programs utilizing this theme perpetuated the image into the early 1950s.

Efforts to promote an image appropriate for economic growth and development resulted in marketing strategies using state nicknames that business leaders hoped would evoke positive responses. Arkansas’ first unofficial nickname was the Bear State—an attempt to paint Arkansas as a sportsman’s paradise. This nickname was used from the nineteenth to early twentieth centuries but instead only strengthened the already entrenched view of the backwoods hillbilly.

“The Wonder State” became the official state nickname in 1923. Former Governor Charles H. Brough, an adept public speaker, was charged with promoting this new image. This campaign also met with little success.  Again, the image of a state populated by backward hillbillies prevailed. Around this time, two Arkansans, Chester Lauck and Norris Goff, seized the opportunity to create characters that dispensed advice, jokes, and rural philosophy from the Arkansas hill country. Their radio program, the Lum and Abner show, was an immediate hit with an audience looking for humor during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

In the 1940s, another group of Little Rock businessmen sought to change the state’s image in order to encourage economic development. They chose “Land of Opportunity” as the state nickname to align with their efforts to recruit major corporations to relocate to Arkansas. This nickname became official in 1953 and under the leadership of Winthrop Rockefeller, the state began to reap benefits from outside corporate investors. Negative publicity once again interfered, as Little Rock’s Central High School desegregation crisiserupted. This latest nickname weathered the crisis in Little Rock, however, and remained intact as the state began to experience population growth as a result of the “Sunbelt Movement” in the 1970s. Retirees as well as people seeking less populated regions with seasonal climates found what they were looking for in Arkansas. Tourism became an important aspect of the state’s economy.

Business leaders once again sought an opportunity to promote a new identity for the state. This time, the state’s scenic parks, rivers, wildlife, folklore, and music took center stage. In 1987, the General Assembly approved the nickname “The Natural State”—and promotional efforts came full circle.

The accomplishments of Arkansans in a wide variety of endeavors are the defining parameters for the state’s image. From Arkansas natives such as Scott Joplin, the King of Ragtime; Louis Jordan, R&B performer and composer; Maya Angelou, poet and author; Jerry Jones, philanthropist and Dallas Cowboys owner; and Bill Clinton, 42nd president of the United States, to Arkansas transplants such as Hattie Wyatt Caraway, first woman elected to the U.S. Senate; Vance Randolph, folklorist; and Winthrop Rockefeller, philanthropist and politician; the state has made an impressive contribution to U.S. history and heritage.

Arkansas River at Fort Smith, Arkansas,
circa 1912.
Taking the Long View: Panoramic Photographs, 1851-1991

• Search on Arkansas in the Cities and Towns section of American Memory’s Map Collections. View the Perspective map of Van Buren, Ark. and use the zoom feature to see churches, factories, railroads, steamboats, and much more in remarkable detail.
• Search American Memory’s African American History collections and the Library’s Online Exhibitions to find items documenting Arkansas’ civil rights struggles. For example, read about Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine during the desegregation crisis at Little Rock’s Central High School.
• American Memory collections from the Library’s Archive of American Folk Song (now the Archive of Folk Culture) and New Deal agencies such as the Farm Security Administration and Works Progress Administration amply represent Arkansas. Search on Arkansas in the following collections to find photographs, recordings, and narratives:
  • America from the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA-OWI, 1935-1945
  • Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936-1938
  • California Gold: Northern California Folk Music From the Thirties
  • Southern Mosaic: the John and Ruby Lomax 1939 Southern States Recording Trip
  • Voices from the Dust Bowl: The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection, 1940-1941
• Learn to play a version of The Arkansas Traveller or listen to a performance of it by searching American Memory’s Performing Arts collections. An especially lively version performed by John Stone is found in California Gold: Northern California Folk Music From the Thirties.

Young Arkansas Farmer,
Farm Security Administration Cooperative Farm,
Lake Dick, Arkansas,
Dorothea Lange, photographer,
August 1939.
America from the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA-OWI, 1935-1945

Arkansas Sharecropper,
Ozark Mountain area, Arkansas,
Ben Shahn, photographer,
October 1935.
America from the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA-OWI, 1935-1945

California Folk Music Project

…I found their music beautiful and important and…wanted it preserved as it truly was for future generations to hear.Sidney Robertson Cowell

Mary MacPhee,
Berkeley, California,
June 15, 1939.
California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collected by Sidney Robertson Cowell

On June 15, 1939, in Oakland, California, folk music collector Sidney Robertson Cowell recorded Mary MacPhee performing Gaelic songs from the Hebrides, Scotland. The collection California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collected by Sidney Robertson Cowell contains these a cappella performances as well as still photographs, drawings, and written documents from a variety of European ethnic and English- and Spanish-speaking communities in Northern California. On the dust jacket of MacPhee’s recording of “Hi Oro ‘s Na Horo Eile” Cowell noted, “This she sang to her husband when they were courting.”

Cowell’s California Folk Music Project was one of the earliest large-scale ethnographic surveys of regional American folk music. In order to accomplish her mission, Cowell organized a consortium of three institutions. The Works Progress Administration (WPA), a massive employment relief program launched by the Roosevelt administration in 1935, offered funds to hire approximately twenty people. The Music Department of the University of California, Berkeley provided space and equipment for the project. And, the Archive of American Folk Song (now The Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center) of the Library of Congress supplied 237 twelve-inch acetate recording discs and a repository for their safekeeping.

The collection is quite diverse. For example, Cowell recorded Anglo, Armenian, and Croatian performers.

John Stone Playing Fiddle,
Columbia, California,
August 5-6, 1939.

“Buffalo Girls”
performed by John Stone on violin,
Columbia, Tuolumne County, California,
August 6, 1939.

Tuning Mechanism of Qanun,
Fresno, California,
April 22, 1939.

“Song of Freedom”
performed by Aslanian’s Armenian Orchestra,
Bedros Haroutunian on qanun,
Columbia, Tuolumne County, California,
April 23, 1939.

John Botica Playing the Misnice,
Mountain View, California,
May 26, 1938, or January 11, 1939.

“Dalmation Dance #1, Poskocina”
performed by John Botica, on misnice,
Mountain View, California,
May 26, 1938.

• Also of interest are Sidney Robertson Cowell’s recollections concerning her work and the people whose songs she recorded. Listen, for example, to her comments about the Russian Molokan Congregation in San Francisco.
• Find out more about the ethno-musical material assembled by Cowell and her colleagues. Browse one of the indexes which are arranged by Subject, Ethnic Groups, Performers, Musical Instruments, andAudio Titles and may be found on the home page, California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collected by Sidney Robertson Cowell. Also, see the Today in History feature on Italian folk music, also collected by Cowell in San Francisco.
• Voices from the Dust Bowl documents life in Farm Security Administration (FSA) migrant work camps in central California (1940-41). The collection is rich in music that complements that of the Cowell collection.
• See the American Memory list of Performing Arts collections for more music materials including the Dayton C. Miller Flute Collection and the sheet music collections: Music for the Nation: American Sheet Music, 1820-1860 & 1870-1885 and Historic American Sheet Music, 1850-1920.
• Visit the Performing Arts Encyclopedia, the Library’s performing arts digital library for more collections and special presentations on the diversity of America’s performing arts.

Today in History – June 15-External Links

Today’s Weather in History
Today in Earthquake History
This Day in Naval History
Today’s Document from the National Archives
Today’s Events, Births & Deaths –Wikipedia
Today in History by AP
On this Day -1950 to 2005 – Today’s Story–BBC
On This Day: The New York Times
This Day in History –History.com
Today in Canadian History – Canada Channel
History of Britain that took place On This Day
Russia in History –Russiapedia