Celebrations Today – October 20

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast days:
  • Acca of Hexham
  • Artemius
  • Caprasius of Agen
  • Hedwig (in Canada, moved from Oct. 16)
  • Irene of Tomar
  • Margaret Marie Alacoque (in Canada, moved from Oct. 16)
  • October 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Arbor Day (Czech Republic)
• Heroes’ Day (Kenya)
• Revolution Day (Guatemala), one of the two Patriotic Days (Guatemala)
• Vietnamese Women’s Day (Vietnam)
• World Osteoporosis Day
• World Statistics Day

Celebrations Today – USA: October 20

National Brandied Fruit Day
National Mammography Day – Third Friday in October
National Birth of the Bab
Miss American Rose Day
National Call-in Day For Health Reform
National Suspenders Day
The International Day of the Air Traffic Controller
World Osteoporosis Day

Today in US History: October 20

Westward Ho!

View Down the Mississippi,
from Ft. Snelling, Minnesota,
[between 1880-99].
Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920

On October 20, 1803, the Senate ratified the Louisiana Purchase Treaty by a vote of twenty-four to seven. The agreement, which provided for the purchase of the western half of the Mississippi River basin from France at a price of $15 million, or approximately four cents per acre, doubled the size of the country and paved the way for westward expansion beyond the Mississippi.

Spain had controlled Louisiana and the strategic port of New Orleans with a relatively free hand since 1762. However, Spain signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800 under pressure from Napoleon Bonaparte, a secret agreement retroceding the territory of Louisiana to France.

News of the agreement eventually reached the U.S. government.  President Thomas Jefferson feared that if Louisiana came under French control,  American settlers living in the Mississippi River Valley would lose free access to the port of New Orleans. On April 18, 1802, Jefferson wrote a letter to Robert Livingston, the U.S. minister to France, warning that, “There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy.  It is New Orleans…”

Napoleon, faced with a shortage of cash, a recent military defeat in Santo Domingo (present-day Haiti), and the threat of a war with Great Britain, decided to cut his losses and abandon his plans for an empire in the New World. In 1803, he offered to sell the entire territory of Louisiana to the United States for $15 million.

The Heart of the Rockies, Long Lake & Snowy Range, Near Ward, Colorado,
William Henry Jackson, photographer,
1901.
Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920

Robert Livingston and James Monroe, whom Jefferson had sent to Paris earlier that year, had only been authorized to spend up to $10 million to purchase New Orleans and West Florida.  Although the proposal for the entire territory exceeded their official instructions, they agreed to the deal. The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was dated April 30 and formally signed on May 2, 1803.

The bounds of the territory, which were not clearly delineated in the treaty, were assumed to include all the land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, at that time known as the Stony Mountains. Just twelve days after the signing of the treaty, frontiersmen Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, younger brother of Revolutionary War officer George Rogers Clark, set out on an expedition to explore the newly acquired territory.

The purchase of the Louisiana Territory and the Lewis and Clark expedition marked the beginning of a century of conquest. As explorers, speculators, adventurers, and settlers pushed the territorial boundaries of the United States westward toward the Pacific coast, the notion of America as a nation always pushing toward new frontiers took hold in art, literature, folklore, and the national psyche.

A Corner of the French Market,
New Orleans, Louisiana,
[between 1900 and 1910].
Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs by the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920

Learn more about the Louisiana Territory, New Orleans, and western expansion in the Library of Congress collections:

• The Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress consists of approximately 27,000 documents, the largest collection of original Jefferson documents in the world. Search this collection on the word Louisiana to retrieve over one hundred documents and letters.
• Search on Louisiana Territory in A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875 to read congressional acts and proceedings related to the vast territory. The special presentation The Louisiana Purchase: Legislative Timeline 1802-1807 explores the role of Congress in the Louisiana Purchase from 1802 to 1807, including ratification of the treaty, establishment of a territorial government, confrontation with Spain over boundary issues, and its limited role in the Lewis and Clark expedition.
• Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase presents a rich variety of research materials including maps, letters, and newspapers, as well as a lengthy essay relating to that landmark event. Browse the collection by Subject, Title, Creator, or Place.
• France in America is a bilingual multi-format digital library project between the Library of Congress and the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Search on Louisiana purchase for information on the French presence in America and the interactions between the French and American peoples.
• See a map of Lewis and Clark’s track copied by Samuel Lewis from the original drawing of William Clark, or a Lewis and Clark map with annotations in brown ink by Meriwether Lewis in Map Collections. Search this collection on Louisiana for maps of the territory and state. Find maps of the states, towns, and land features that were originally part of the Louisiana Territory by searching on their names.
• Read Henry Rowe Schoolcraft’s memoir of his 1832 discovery of the Mississippi River’s source, Lake Itasca, Minnesota, found in the collection Pioneering the Upper Midwest: Books from Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, circa 1820-1910.
• All or portions of the following states were carved from the original Louisiana Territory: Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, the Dakotas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and Minnesota. Search the Today in History Archive on the names of these states to find additional features related U.S. territorial expansion, western exploration and migration. Learn, for example, about the opening of the Erie Canal, the Gadsden Purchase, and the Homestead Act.
• The online exhibition Rivers, Edens, Empires: Lewis & Clark and the Revealing of America features the Library’s rich collections of exploration material documenting the quest to connect the East and the West by means of a waterway passage.
• Search or browse the subject index of the following collections to find a wealth of photographs, memoirs, and other documents related to the exploration and settlement of the western frontier:
  • History of the American West: Photographs from the Collection of the Denver Public Library, 1860-1920
  • The Northern Great Plains, 1880-1920: Photographs from the Fred Hultstrand and F. A. Pazandak Photograph Collections
  • The Nineteenth Century in Print: Books
  • “California as I Saw It”: First-Person Narratives of California’s Early Years, 1849-1900
  • Pioneering the Upper Midwest: Books from Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, ca. 1820-1910

Wagon Train,
[between 1870 and 1880].

Covered Wagon,
Horace Swartley Poley, photographer,
[between 1890 and 1920]?

The Continental Summit, Denver Northwestern & Pacific Ry., the Moffat Road,
Louis Charles McClure, photographer,
[between 1904 and 1913].
History of the American West: Photographs from the Collection of the Denver Public Library, 1860-1920

Today in History – October 20-External Links

Today’s Weather in History
Today in Earthquake History
This Day in Naval History
Today’s Document from the National Archives
Today’s Events, Births & Deaths –Wikipedia
Today in History by AP
On this Day -1950 to 2005 – Today’s Story–BBC
On This Day: The New York Times
This Day in History –History.com
Today in Canadian History – Canada Channel
History of Britain that took place On This Day
Russia in History –Russiapedia