History & Celebrations Today – July 17

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Celebrations Today – July 17

Holidays and observances

Celebrations Today – USA: July 17

National Peach Ice Cream Day
World Emoji Day
Wrong Way Corrigan Day
National Yellow Pig Day
National Get Out of the Dog House Day – Third Monday in July
National Tattoo Day
World Day for International Justice

Today in US History: July 17

The Spanish Civil War

18, Julio 1936-1937, [The 18th of July 1936-1937],
Arribas, artist,
color lithograph poster,
1937.
Prints & Photographs Online Catalog

The Spanish Civil War began on July 17, 1936 as a series of right-wing insurrections within the military, staged against the constitutional government of the five-year-old Second Spanish Republic. Because it was the first major military contest between left-wing forces and fascists, and attracted international involvement on both sides, the Spanish Civil War has sometimes been called the first chapter of World War II.

The rebels, or Nationalists as they came to be known, were backed by a spectrum of political and social conservatives including the Catholic Church, the fascist Falange Party, and those who wished to restore the Spanish monarchy. They received aid in the form of troops, tanks, and planes from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, and Germany field-tested some of its most important artillery in Spain. With the rise of General Francisco Franco as leader of the Nationalist coalition, the threat of fascism’s spread across Europe visibly deepened.

Falange os llama, ahora o nunca [The Falange is calling you, now or never],
Hohenleiter, artist,
color lithograph poster,
1936-1939.
Prints & Photographs Online Catalog

No pasareis – C.N.T./F.A.I. [You shall not pass! C.N.T./F.A.I.]
Gimínez, artist,
color lithograph poster,
1936-1939.
Prints & Photographs Online Catalog

The Republicans were backed by Spanish labor unions and a range of anti-fascist political groups, from communists and anarchists to Catalonian separatists to centrist supporters of liberal democracy. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union and from Mexico, but their most likely European allies signed a joint agreement of nonintervention. The most visible international aid came in the form of volunteers. Estimates vary, but as many as 60,000 individuals from over fifty countries joined the International Brigades to fight for the cause of the Spanish Republic. Between two and three thousand of these volunteers were men and women from the United States—most served with the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.

The Spanish Civil War posed a major threat to international political equilibrium, and Americans watched closely the events of the conflict. The brutality of the situation also forced many Americans to question the United States’ post-World War I noninterventionist policies. Between 500,000 and 1 million Spaniards, both soldiers and civilians, died from war or war-engendered disease and starvation, and thousands more became displaced refugees.

Armies battle for Tervel,
A.B.C. Press Service,
photographic print,
1938.
Prints & Photographs Online Catalog

In an interview conducted with members of El Club Español (The Spanish Club) in Barre, Vermont, John (née Juan) Bavine puzzled:

I do not understand it… The Spain I knew years ago was a quiet country, she love’ peace. Her farmers work’ the rich fields. Her artists were proud to make beautiful our big cities an’ cathedrals. We were 22,000,000 people who want only to be left alone – an’ now what. You see beautiful cathedrals all smash’ an’ buried; the cities in ruin. A friend of mine, he say the other day that one Spaniard he is killed every nine minutes. Every nine minutes. God, that is terrible! More than one million of them lay dead from this war.”Memorandum to Dr. Botkin,”
Barre, Vermont,
Mary Tomasi, interviewer, July 29, 1940.
American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936-1940

The Spanish Civil War, especially the anti-fascist side, became a cause célèbre in the United States. Writers and artists including novelist Ernest Hemingway, poets Muriel Rukeyser and Langston Hughes, and painter Robert Motherwell paid homage to the struggling Republic in their work. Baritone Paul Robeson sang for the international brigades. The anarchist Emma Goldman led an English-language publicity campaign. Fictional character Rick Blaine, protagonist of the 1942 film classic Casablanca, struggled against fascism in Spain, as did Robert Jordan, the hero of Hemingway’s 1940 novel For Whom the Bell Tolls.

Washington, D.C. Russian war anniversary benefit at the Watergate. Paul Robeson backstage,
Gordon Parks, photographer,
June 1942.
America from the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA and OWI, ca. 1935-1945

The Spanish Civil War continued until March 28, 1939, when Nationalist troops led by Franco overcame the Republic’s forces and entered Madrid. Just months after the Spanish Civil War ended, Germany invaded Poland and World War II began. Faced with the devastation of his country, Franco declared Spain at first a neutral and then a nonbelligerent nation during World War II, though his sympathies clearly lay with Axis powers.

Francisco Franco sustained a military dictatorship for almost forty years, until his death in 1975. Almost immediately, Spain began a peaceful transformation away from dictatorship; its present democratic constitution was formalized in 1978.

Search on Madrid in American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936-1940 for additional references to the Spanish Civil War.
Learn more about Spain from the online country study, one of a series of Area Handbooks on 101 countries and regions prepared by the Library of Congress’ Federal Research Division. Spain: a country study describes and analyzes that nation’s political, economic, national security, and social systems, and contains a section on the Spanish Civil War and a useful bibliography.
See the Global Gateway collection Parallel Histories/Historias Paralelas, which deals with Spain, the United States, and the American Frontier, a presentation developed by the Library of Congress in partnership with the National Library of Spain.
Use terms such as Barcelona, Madrid, or international to search Spanish Civil War Posters, part of the Prints & Photographs Online Catalog. Browse approximately 120 posters showing multiple viewpoints on the causes, conduct, and consequences of the war.
View The Visual Front: Posters of the Spanish Civil War and Shots of War: Photojournalism During the Spanish Civil War, two online exhibitions drawn from the Southworth Collection of the Mandeville Special Collections Library, University of California, San Diego.

King’s College

Trinity Church,
New York,
1901.
Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920

On July 17, 1754, King’s College opened in New York City. The Anglican academy would later grow into the venerable Columbia University. The ten students of the college met for their first classes, in Latin and Greek, in a schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church at Broadway and Wall streets.

The early college educated a number of American patriots and intellectuals including several members of the Continental Congress. Among its first students and trustees were Robert R. Livingston, a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence; Gouverneur Morris, author of much of the final wording of the Constitution; Alexander Hamilton, the nation’s first Secretary of the Treasury and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers; and John Jay, the nation’s first Chief Justice and also an author of the Federalist Papers.

Painting of John Jay,
first Chief Justice of U.S.,
Theodor Horydczak, photographer,
circa 1920-1950.
Washington as it Was: Photographs by Theodor Horydczak, 1923-1959

Alexander Hamilton,
John Trumbull, artist,
[between 1900 and 1912].
Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920

During the American Revolution, the college was closed, but when peace was declared, it reopened under a new name, Columbia College, in honor of the new nation. Over time, other special colleges and professional schools developed in connection with Columbia College. The College of Physicians and Surgeons, the first American school to confer the M.D., was established in 1767. Barnard College for women, “sister” to the all-male Columbia College, was established in 1889. Melvil Dewey founded the School of Library Economy, the world’s first institution for training librarians, at Columbia in 1887, though it moved to Albany to become the State Library School the following year. In 1898, Teachers College, which had been founded in 1887, became affiliated with Columbia as a professional school for training teachers. In his will, Joseph Pulitzer endowed the Columbia University School of Journalism (1912).

Columbia University,
New York City,
Haines Photo Co., 1909.
Taking the Long View: Panoramic Photographs, 1851-1991

In 1890, Columbia’s new president, Seth Low, began to organize the separate autonomous schools under a central administration as a true “university.” In 1896, the institution was renamed Columbia University; it is now officially Columbia University in the City of New York. In 1897, the university moved uptown to the Morningside Heights campus where it remains to the present day.

Search the American Memory collections on Columbia College or Columbia University to find other materials related to Columbia’s history, such as early photographs of the university’s buildings, or the 1881 “Columbia College March. “
Search in Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920 on Trinity Church AND New York for turn-of-the-century images of the original site of King’s College.
Search the Today in History Archive on college or university to read about other historic American schools of higher education such as Harvard University, Howard University, Yale University, Vassar College, and Cornell University.
Search the American Memory collections on New York for a wide variety of material on the city where Columbia University is located. Explore forty-five films of turn-of-the-nineteenth-century New York City. Browse the title list of the collection The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898-1906.
Search the Today in History Archive on New York to learn about other landmarks of the city. The following are only a few of the many pages featuring this city:
Learn more about the illustrious alumni of Columbia by taking the Columbia Trivia (But Not So Trivial) Quiz offered on the University’s Web site.

Today in History – July 17-External Links

Today’s Weather in History
Today in Earthquake History
This Day in Naval History
Today’s Document from the National Archives
Today’s Events, Births & Deaths –Wikipedia
Today in History by AP
On this Day -1950 to 2005 – Today’s Story–BBC
On This Day: The New York Times
This Day in History –History.com
Today in Canadian History – Canada Channel
History of Britain that took place On This Day
Russia in History –Russiapedia